Nanomaterials Analytical Methods Series
From textbook knowledge to the analysis methods
March 8th, 2025
Through the creation of this series, each focused on a particular experimental technique or procedure used with nanostructures and thin films, I hope to reduce the entry barrier for researchers performing measurements in a given methodology for the first time. Every tutorial aims to transmit fundamental knowledge and offer practical suggestions for those who are just starting. Our goal with this series is to compile community experiences with experimental research in a way that will ultimately meet the needs of the broadest potential audience.
This era is the era of nanotechnology and nanoscience since all the branches of science, technology, and engineering are integrated to find practical solutions in this field. Here, I will focus on defining nanotechnology as fields of research and technology development. It describes the nanomaterials and the uniqueness of nanomaterials. Finally, I will provide an overview of nanomaterials, their properties and functions. The idea behind nanomaterials is to use building blocks with dimensions in the nanometre range to design and create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and improvements in their physical properties.
In the real world, every material has a surface. The surfaces are always considered as a target for modifications. Therefore, thin films are used to enhance the surface properties of materials. Optical, hardness, corrosion, and electrical properties of a bulk material surface can be improved using the thin films. This tutorial provides an overview of thin films, their applications, film production, some methods to deposit films, nanocomposite films, and their properties and applications.
Understanding and predicting the physical characteristics of scientifically significant materials requires an understanding of the crystal structure and microstructure properties of these materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction (ED) methods are crucial tools for characterizing the crystal structure and microstructure properties of nanomaterials, including crystal phase(s), lattice constants, average crystallite size, degree of crystallinity, and crystal defects. First, the basic concepts of crystalline materials, crystal structure, and crystallographic defects will be presented to understand the arrangement of atoms and molecules in space. After that, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction (ED) methods will be discussed in detail, including underlying theory, instrumentation, and data analysis methods.
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